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Existing Eiffel software uses the string classes (such as STRING_8) from the Eiffel libraries, but Eiffel software written for .NET must use the .NET string class (System.String) in many cases, for example when calling .NET methods which expect items of the .NET type to be passed as arguments. So, the conversion of these types back and forth ...
Although on GCC and LLVM this particular program compiles and runs as expected, more complicated examples may interact with assumptions made by strict aliasing and lead to unwanted behavior. The option -fno-strict-aliasing will ensure correct behavior of code using this form of type-punning, although using other forms of type punning is ...
In class-based programming, downcasting, or type refinement, is the act of casting a base or parent class reference, to a more restricted derived class reference. [1] This is only allowable if the object is already an instance of the derived class, and so this conversion is inherently fallible.
COBOL uses the STRING statement to concatenate string variables. MATLAB and Octave use the syntax "[x y]" to concatenate x and y. Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET can also use the "+" sign but at the risk of ambiguity if a string representing a number and a number are together. Microsoft Excel allows both "&" and the function "=CONCATENATE(X,Y)".
For example, suppose that a program defines two types, A and B, where B is a subtype of A. If the program tries to convert a value of type A to type B, which is known as downcasting, then the operation is legal only if the value being converted is actually a value of type B. Thus, a dynamic check is needed to verify that the operation is safe.
PHP generally follows C syntax, with exceptions and enhancements for its main use in web development, which makes heavy use of string manipulation. PHP variables must be prefixed by "$". This allows PHP to perform string interpolation in double quoted strings, where backslash is supported as an escape character.
Number of bytes C, PHP: string.length() C++ (STL) string.length: Cobra, D, JavaScript: string.length() Number of UTF-16 code units: Java (string-length string) Scheme (length string) Common Lisp, ISLISP (count string) Clojure: String.length string: OCaml: size string: Standard ML: length string: Number of Unicode code points Haskell: string ...
—, implicit wrt numbers — static+dynamic wrt numbers RPG: weak static Ruby: strong implicit — dynamic Rust: strong explicit with optional implicit typing [13] mostly nominal static S: dynamic S-Lang: strong implicit dynamic Scala: strong partially implicit (local type inference) nominal (subclassing) and structural static Scheme: strong ...