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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
The social position of the Jews in western Europe worsened, and legal restrictions increased during and after the crusades. This led to the anti-Jewish legislation of Pope Innocent III. The crusades resulted in centuries of resentment on both sides and constitute a turning point in the relationship between Jews and Christians.
Thomas Asbridge (born 1969) has written The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam (2004) [210] and the more expansive The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land (2012). [211] Thomas Madden (born 1960) has written The New Concise History of the Crusades (2005) [212] and The ...
His research also emphasizes the importance of including popular crusades and unsanctioned outbreaks in the broader study of the crusading movement, arguing that rigid definitions can obscure the complexity and variety of the phenomenon. He notes that historians have "reinvented" or reinterpreted the crusades throughout history. [97] [98]
The history of the Crusades begins with the advent of Christian pilgrimage to the Holy Land combined with the rise of Islam and its subsequent conquest of Jerusalem. [2] 326. Saint Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, travels to the Holy Land. [3] She returns with Holy relics and begins a tradition of Christian pilgrimage. [4] After 334.
"The Crusades: A History of One of the Most Epic Military Campaigns of All Time", Jonathan Howard, 2011; God's War: A New History of the Crusades, Christopher Tyerman "Mongols and Mamluks", Reuven Amitai-Preiss, 2005; Runciman, Steven (1987). A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Cambridge University ...
Crusades against Christians were Christian religious wars dating from the 11th century First Crusade when papal reformers began equating the universal church with the papacy. Later in the 12th century the focus of crusades century focus changed from non-christian pagans and infidels to heretics and schismatics.
The chronology of the Crusades after 1400 provides a detailed timeline of the Crusades and considers the Crusades of the 15th century. This continues the chronology of the later Crusades through 1400. In the Middle East, the threats to the Christian West were from the Mamluks, the Timurids and the Ottomans. The latter would also threaten ...