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Around 15% of amacrine cells are neither GABAergic or glycinergic. [2] These amacrine cells are sometimes known as nGnG amacrine cells, and it is thought that transcription factors that act on progenitors decide the fate of amacrine cells. One transcription factor that was found to be selectively expressed in nGnG amacrine cells is Neurod6 [5]
Amacrine cells also produce lateral inhibition to bipolar cells [18] and ganglion cells to perform various visual computations including image sharpening. [19] The final visual signals will be sent to the thalamus and cerebral cortex , where additional lateral inhibition occurs.
The horizontal cells lie in the outer part of the inner nuclear layer and possess somewhat flattened cell bodies. Their dendrites divide into numerous branches in the outer plexiform layer, while their axons run horizontally for some distance and finally ramify in the same layer.
AII (A2) amacrine cells are a subtype of amacrine cells. Amacrine cells are neurons that exist in the retina of mammals to assist in interpreting photoreceptive signals. AII amacrine cells serve the critical role of transferring light signals from rod photoreceptors to the retinal ganglion cells (which contain the axons of the optic nerve).
Horizontal cells provide inhibitory feedback to rod and cone photoreceptors. [1] [2] They are thought to be important for the antagonistic center-surround property of the receptive fields of many types of retinal ganglion cells. [3] Other retinal neurons include photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells.
Bipolar cells effectively transfer information from rods and cones to ganglion cells. The horizontal cells and the amacrine cells complicate matters somewhat. The horizontal cells introduce lateral inhibition to the dendrites and give rise to the center-surround inhibition which is apparent in retinal receptive fields.
The olivocochlear system is a component of the auditory system involved with the descending control of the cochlea.Its nerve fibres, the olivocochlear bundle (OCB), form part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIIIth cranial nerve, also known as the auditory-vestibular nerve), and project from the superior olivary complex in the brainstem to the cochlea.
The inner plexiform layer is an area of the retina that is made up of a dense reticulum of fibrils formed by interlaced dendrites of retinal ganglion cells and cells of the inner nuclear layer. Within this reticulum a few branched spongioblasts are sometimes embedded.