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There are three genders in Marathi: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Some other modern Indo-European languages have lost these genders, completely, as in English and Persian, or in part, with either neuter and common gender (merging masculine and feminine), as in some Northern Germanic languages, or feminine and masculine (absorbing neuter), as in almost all Romance languages.
Hinglish has become increasingly accepted at the governmental level in India as an alternative to Sanskritised Hindi; in 2011, the Home Ministry gave permission to officials to use English words in their Hindi notes, so long as they are written in Devanagari script. [43] [44] [45]
Hindustani, the lingua franca of Northern India and Pakistan, has two standardised registers: Hindi and Urdu.Grammatical differences between the two standards are minor but each uses its own script: Hindi uses Devanagari while Urdu uses an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script, typically in the Nastaʿlīq style.
Hindustani is extremely rich in complex verbs formed by the combinations of noun/adjective and a verb. Complex verbs are of two types: transitive and intransitive. [3]The transitive verbs are obtained by combining nouns/adjectives with verbs such as karnā 'to do', lenā 'to take', denā 'to give', jītnā 'to win' etc.
The virāma in the sequence C 1 + virāma + C 2 may thus work as an invisible control character to ligate C 1 and C 2 in Unicode. For example, ka क + virāma + ṣa ष = kṣa क्ष; is a fully conjoined ligature. It is also possible that the virāma does not ligate C 1 and C 2, leaving the full forms of C 1 and C 2 as they are:
This was a popular work that played an early role in the development of Literary Hindi and was selected as a Hindustani test-book for military service students in the East India Company. [12] Thus it became the basis of several Hindi editions, and Indian vernacular and English translations; many of these frequently reprinted.
The pair of fricatives, or mūlă vargă ("base class"), share the row, which is followed by the next five sets of consonants, with the consonants in each row being homorganic, the rows arranged from the back (velars) to the front (labials) of the mouth, and the letters in the grid arranged by place and manner of articulation. [40]
The laghava ( ॰; from the Sanskrit: लाघव चिह्न, romanized: lāghava cihna, lit. 'brevity sign') is the Devanagari abbreviation sign, comparable to the full stop or ellipsis as used in the Latin alphabet.