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Catharism (/ ˈ k æ θ ər ɪ z əm / KATH-ər-iz-əm; [1] from the Ancient Greek: καθαροί, romanized: katharoí, "the pure ones" [2]) was a Christian quasi-dualist or pseudo-Gnostic movement, which thrived in the anti-materialist revival in Southern Europe, particularly in northern Italy and southern France, between the 12th and 14th centuries. [3]
A Cathar Perfect had to undergo a rigorous training of three years before being inducted as a member of the spiritual elite of the religious movement. [ citation needed ] This took place during a ceremony in which various Scriptural extracts were quoted, including, most particularly, the opening verses of the Gospel of John [ citation needed ] .
The Cathars also denied infant baptism, as they felt that infants are not able to understand the meaning of baptism. [ 7 ] The Reformation also spread successfully in areas previously inhabited by Cathars; as an example Protestantism was successful in Toulouse , which was also a stronghold of Albigensianism.
Cathar castles; Cathar Perfect; Cathar yellow cross; Caussou; Château de Puilaurens; Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism; Conrad Dorso and John the One-Eyed; Consolamentum; Council of Saint-Félix; Credentes
Catharism was a religious movement with dualistic and Gnostic elements that appeared in the Languedoc region of France around the middle of the 12th century. Cathars were dualist in their beliefs, and the Catholic symbol of the crucifix was, to the Cathars, a negative symbol. In the words of one 14th century Cathar Perfect Pierre Authié:
A variant of the Lord's Prayer in Vietnamese (Kinh Thiên Chúa 經天主) written in chữ Nôm in the book, 聖教經願 Thánh giáo kinh nguyện. Vietnamese Hail Mary in chữ Nôm and chữ Quốc ngữ, late 18th century.
Caodaism (/ ˌ k aʊ ˈ d aɪ z ə m /; Vietnamese: Đạo Cao Đài; Mandarin: 道高臺, IPA: [ʔɗaːw˧˨ʔ kaːw˧˧ ʔɗaːj˨˩]) or Cao Đài is a Vietnamese monotheistic syncretic religion that retains many elements from Vietnamese folk religion such as ancestor worship, [citation needed] as well as "ethical precepts from Confucianism ...
A missionary named I-nê-khu arrived in Nam Định, northern Vietnam, in 1533. The earliest missions did not bring very impressive results. Only after the arrival of Jesuits in the first decades of the 17th century did Christianity began to establish its positions within the local populations in both the regions of Đàng Ngoài (Tonkin) and ...