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A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America is a three-volume work by John Adams, written between 1787 and 1788.The text was Adams’ response to criticisms of the proposed American government, particularly those made by French economist and political theorist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, who had argued against bicameralism and separation of powers.
The Constitution's first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, in which the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress ; the executive, consisting of the president and subordinate officers ; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal ...
The United States Constitution and its amendments comprise hundreds of clauses which outline the functioning of the United States Federal Government, the political relationship between the states and the national government, and affect how the United States federal court system interprets the law. When a particular clause becomes an important ...
Comparative constitutional law involves the systematic comparison of constitutional norms, governmental institutions, and political practices across different nations. This field examines similarities and differences in governmental structures, fundamental rights, judicial systems, and relationships among various branches of the State.
We Have Not a Government: The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226480503. Williams, Frederick D. (2012). The Northwest Ordinance: Essays on its Formulation, Provisions, and Legacy. East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87013-969-7.
Early in its history, in Marbury v.Madison (1803) and Fletcher v. Peck (1810), the Supreme Court of the United States declared that the judicial power granted to it by Article III of the United States Constitution included the power of judicial review, to consider challenges to the constitutionality of a State or Federal law.
Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution December 15, 1791, and are collectively known as the Bill of Rights. [72] Article Two became part of the Constitution May 7, 1992 as the Twenty-seventh Amendment. [73] Article One is technically still pending before the states. [38] November 16 •
Although revolutionary in some ways, the Constitution maintained many common law concepts (such as habeas corpus, trial by jury, and sovereign immunity), [12] and courts deem that the Founders' perceptions of the legal system that the Constitution created (i.e., the interaction between what it changed and what it kept from the British legal ...