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GM-CSF is a monomeric glycoprotein that functions as a cytokine—it is a white blood cell growth factor. [6] GM-CSF stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes. Monocytes exit the circulation and migrate into tissue, whereupon they mature into macrophages and dendritic cells.
Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages adopt different functional programs in response to the signals from their microenvironment. This ability is connected to their multiple roles in the organism: they are powerful effector cells of the innate immune system, but also important in removal of cellular debris, embryonic development and tissue repair.
In addition, after stimulation of β subunit mRNA levels coding α chain decrease and on the contrary expression of soluble α subunit is upregulated. Soluble GM-CSFRα then clutches free ligands with similar affinity as membrane receptor and prevents binding of GM-CSF to the cell surface. GM-CSFRα can be also cleaved off of the membrane receptor.
The first signal promotes the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages and the second signal promotes immunosuppressive functions. [8] In vitro, M-CSF, IFNγ, and LPS are used for the inducement of Mregs. [7] Other cells such as eosinophils and innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2) can promote M2 polarization by cytokine secretion.
Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR), and CD115 (Cluster of Differentiation 115), is a cell-surface protein encoded by the human CSF1R gene (known also as c-FMS).
1440 12985 Ensembl ENSG00000108342 ENSMUSG00000038067 UniProt P09919 P09920 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000759 NM_001178147 NM_172219 NM_172220 NM_009971 RefSeq (protein) NP_000750 NP_001171618 NP_757373 NP_757374 NP_034101 Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 40.02 – 40.02 Mb Chr 11: 98.59 – 98.59 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF or GCSF ...
Their main effector cytokines are IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22, [9] as well as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor . IL-17 family cytokines (IL-17A and IL-17F) target innate immune cells and epithelial cells, among others, to produce G-CSF and IL-8 (CXCL8), which leads to neutrophil production and recruitment.
The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor is present on precursor cells in the bone marrow, and, in response to stimulation by G-CSF, initiates cell proliferation and differentiation into mature neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages. The G-CSF-R is a transmembrane receptor that consists of an extracellular ligand-binding portion, a ...