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Tachypnea, also spelt tachypnoea, is a respiratory rate greater than normal, resulting in abnormally rapid and shallow breathing. [1]In adult humans at rest, any respiratory rate of 12–20 per minute is considered clinically normal, with tachypnea being any rate above that. [2]
The time depends on pulse rate, pulmonary function, RBC count, and other metabolic factors. Lidocaine can be given in 1.5 mg/kg IV a few minutes before sedation and paralysis. The purpose of administering lidocaine is to blunt the sympathetic response of an increased heart rate, blood pressure, and intracranial pressure caused by laryngoscopy.
Tachypnea – increased breathing rate; Orthopnea – Breathlessness in lying down position relieved by sitting up or standing; Platypnea – Breathlessness when seated or standing, relieved by lying flat; Trepopnea – Breathlessness when lying flat relieved by lying in a lateral position; Ponopnea – Painful breathing
Respiratory failure is classified as either Type 1 or Type 2, based on whether there is a high carbon dioxide level, and can be acute or chronic. In clinical trials, the definition of respiratory failure usually includes increased respiratory rate, abnormal blood gases (hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both), and evidence of increased work of breathing.
Hypoventilation is not synonymous with respiratory arrest, in which breathing ceases entirely and death occurs within minutes due to hypoxia and leads rapidly into complete anoxia, although both are medical emergencies. Hypoventilation can be considered a precursor to hypoxia, and its lethality is attributed to hypoxia with carbon dioxide toxicity.
Continuous positive airway pressure may be applied using a face mask; this has been shown to improve symptoms more quickly than oxygen therapy alone, [18] and has been shown to reduce the risk of death. [19] [20] Severe respiratory failure requires treatment with endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation.
The overall rate of survival among those who have OHCA is 10%. [135] [136] Among those who have an OHCA, 70% occur at home, and their survival rate is 6%. [137] [138] For those who have an in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), the survival rate one year from at least the occurrence of cardiac arrest is estimated to be 13%. [139]
Inappropriate sinus tachycardia is primarily a diagnosis of exclusion. [7] Upon exertion, an inappropriate heart rate response of sinus tachycardia can be seen in some inborn errors of metabolism that result in metabolic myopathies, such as McArdle disease (GSD-V) [11] [12] and hereditary myopathy with lactic acidosis (Larsson–Linderholm ...