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Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a condition that occurs when the bundle of nerves below the end of the spinal cord known as the cauda equina is damaged. [2] Signs and symptoms include low back pain, pain that radiates down the leg, numbness around the anus, and loss of bowel or bladder control. [1] Onset may be rapid or gradual. [1]
Antidepressant screening tests are employed to assess the effects of genetic, pharmacological, or environmental manipulations. Stress models including learned helplessness, chronic mild stress, and social defeat stress simulate the impact of stressors on depression. Early life stress models, psychostimulant withdrawal models, olfactory ...
The cauda equina (from Latin tail of horse) is a bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets, consisting of the second through fifth lumbar nerve pairs, the first through fifth sacral nerve pairs, and the coccygeal nerve, all of which arise from the lumbar enlargement and the conus medullaris of the spinal cord.
The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
Goldberg test may refer to any of various psychiatric tests used to assess mental health in general or as screening tools for specific mental disorders e.g. depression or bipolar disorder. Goldberg , after whom some psychiatric tests are named, might be one of two psychiatrists who share the same last name: Ivan Goldberg , an American ...
Cauda equina syndrome*, also known as degenerative lumbosacral stenosis, in dogs is a compression of the cauda equina by a narrowing of the lumbosacral vertebral canal. It is most commonly seen in German Shepherd Dogs. Signs include pain, weakness, and rear limb muscle atrophy. [60]
Signs and symptoms may not appear for decades after the initial infection and include weakness, diminished reflexes, paresthesias (shooting and burning pains, pricking sensations, and formication), hypoesthesias (abnormally diminished sense of touch), tabetic gait (locomotor ataxia), progressive degeneration of the joints, loss of coordination, episodes of intense pain and disturbed sensation ...
Cronbach's alpha reported at .88 for measuring depression [22] Inter-rater reliability: Good Kappas range from .64-.81 for depression. [24] Kappa for anxiety is .83 [24] Test-retest reliability (stability) No published studies formally checking test-retest reliability Repeatability No published studies formally checking repeatability PHQ-9 ...