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The Virgo Collaboration is part of the larger LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) Collaboration, which gathers scientists from the other major gravitational-waves experiments to jointly analyse the data; this is crucial for gravitational-wave detection. [10] [11] LVK began in 2007 [5] as the LIGO-Virgo Collaboration, and was expanded when KAGRA joined in 2019.
LIGO-India, or INDIGO, is a planned collaborative project between the LIGO Laboratory and the Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations (IndIGO) to create a gravitational-wave detector in India. The LIGO Laboratory, in collaboration with the US National Science Foundation and Advanced LIGO partners from the U.K., Germany and ...
LIGO has been involved in all subsequent detections to date, with Virgo joining in August 2017. [2] Joint observation runs of LIGO and VIRGO, designated "O1, O2, etc." span many months, with months of maintenance and upgrades in-between designed to increase the instruments sensitivity and range.
LIGO is famous as the site of the first confirmed detections of gravitational waves in 2015. LIGO has two detectors: one in Livingston, Louisiana; the other at the Hanford site in Richland, Washington. Each consists of two light storage arms which are 4 km in length. These are at 90 degree angles to each other, with the light passing through 1 ...
The second generation upgrades were made during the early 2010s, lasting from 2010 to 2014 for LIGO and 2011 to 2017 for Virgo. In parallel, the KAGRA project was launched in Japan in 2010. In 2015, soon after restarting observations, the two LIGO detectors achieved the first direct observation of gravitational waves.
Additionally, Advanced Virgo, KAGRA, and a possible third LIGO detector in India will extend the network and significantly improve the position reconstruction and parameter estimation of sources. [3] Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a proposed space based observation mission to detect gravitational waves.
Time–frequency representations (Chatterji et al. 2004) of data containing GW190814, observed by LIGO Hanford (top), LIGO Livingston (middle), and Virgo (bottom). Times are shown relative to 2019 August 14, 21:10:39 UTC. Each detector's data are whitened by their respective noise amplitude spectral density and a Q-transform is calculated.
Wider binaries, which have lower orbital frequencies, are a source for detectors like LISA. [29] [30] Closer binaries produce a signal for ground-based detectors like LIGO. [31] Ground-based detectors could potentially detect binaries containing an intermediate mass black hole of several hundred solar masses. [32] [33]