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Bladder outlet obstruction (or obstructive uropathy) occurs when urine is unable to flow from the kidneys through the ureters and out of the bladder through the urethra. Decreased flow of urine leads to swelling of the urinary tract, called hydronephrosis .
Urethral slings may be used in both adults and children [12] [13] [14] Artificial Urinary Sphincters have shown good term outcomes in adults and pediatric patients. [ 15 ] [ 13 ] [ 16 ] An artificial urinary sphincter has three components: a control pump, an inflatable cuff that goes around the urethra, and a pressure regulating balloon. [ 17 ]
Obstructive uropathy is a structural or functional hindrance of normal urine flow, [1] sometimes leading to renal dysfunction (obstructive nephropathy). It is a very broad term, and does not imply a location or cause.
Intrinsic kidney diseases are the classic diseases of the kidney including drug toxicity and nephritis. Post-renal kidney failure is outlet obstruction after the kidney, such as a kidney stone or prostatic bladder outlet obstruction. Kidney failure may require medication, dietary lifestyle modifications, and dialysis.
The most common cause of polyuria in both adults and children is uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, [6] which causes osmotic diuresis; when glucose levels are so high that glucose is excreted in the urine. Water follows the glucose concentration passively, leading to abnormally high urine output. [citation needed]
Bladder sphincter dyssynergia (also known as detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) (the ICS standard terminology agreed 1998) [1] and neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO)) is a consequence of a neurological pathology such as spinal injury [2] or multiple sclerosis [3] which disrupts central nervous system regulation of the micturition (urination) reflex resulting in dyscoordination of the ...
Most children with vesicoureteral reflux are asymptomatic. Vesicoureteral reflux may be diagnosed as a result of further evaluation of dilation of the kidney or ureters draining urine from the kidney while in utero as well as when a sibling has VUR (though routine testing in either circumstance is controversial).
When reflux nephropathy is suspected as a cause of kidney disease, other conditions to consider include chronic pyelonephritis, obstructive uropathy, and analgesic overuse. The term "reflux nephropathy" was introduced in 1973. [1]
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