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Values education topics can address to varying degrees are character, moral development, Religious Education, Spiritual development, citizenship education, personal development, social development and cultural development. [7] There is a further distinction between explicit values education and implicit values education [8] [9] where:
Character education is an umbrella term loosely used to describe the teaching of children and adults in a manner that will help them develop variously as moral, civic, good, mannered, behaved, non-bullying, healthy, critical, successful, traditional, compliant or socially acceptable beings.
The Nehru government's vision of an industrialized, centrally planned economy had no place for 'basic education' or self-supported schools, rather it reflected the "vision of a powerful and growing class of industrialists, their supporters in politics and intellectuals with high qualifications in different areas, including science and technology."
As a part of the tenth Five-year Plan (2002–2007), the central government of India outlined an expenditure of 65.6% of its total education budget of ₹ 438 billion (US$5.1 billion) i.e. ₹ 288 billion (US$3.3 billion) on elementary education; 9.9% i.e. ₹ 43.25 billion (US$500 million) on secondary education; 2.9% i.e. ₹ 12.5 billion (US ...
The B.Ed. degree was introduced combining the bachelor's degree and the postgraduate diploma in education. B.Ed. was introduced as a four-year special degree and in contrast with the 9–10 3-hour papers at the final degree examination, a B.Ed. degree required a candidates to sit for 19–20 papers for the finals.
Based on the report and recommendations of the Kothari Commission (1964–1966), the government headed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announced the first National Policy on Education in 1968, which called for a "radical restructuring" and proposed equal educational opportunities in order to achieve national integration and greater cultural and economic development. [3]
Early childhood education (ECE), also known as nursery education, is a branch of education theory that relates to the teaching of children (formally and informally) from birth up to the age of eight. [1] Traditionally, this is up to the equivalent of third grade. [2] ECE is described as an important period in child development.
Palmer, Joy A. ed. Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education: From Piaget to the Present Day (2001) Peterson, Penelope et al. eds. International Encyclopedia of Education (3rd ed. 8 vol 2010) comprehensive coverage for every nation; Pink, M. Alderton. Procrustes; or, the future of English education United States: E. P. Dutton & Company, (1927) Watson ...