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CD11c, also known as Integrin, alpha X (complement component 3 receptor 4 subunit) (ITGAX), is a gene that encodes for CD11c . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] CD11c is an integrin alpha X chain protein.
A knockout mouse (left) that is a model for obesity, compared with a normal mouse. There are several thousand different strains of knockout mice. [3] Many mouse models are named after the gene that has been inactivated.
A conditional gene knockout allows gene deletion in a tissue in a tissue specific manner. This is required in place of a gene knockout if the null mutation would lead to embryonic death, [13] or a specific tissue or cell type is of specific interest. This is done by introducing short sequences called loxP sites around the gene.
[2] [3] Many of the targeted alleles are designed so that they can generate both complete and conditional gene knockout mice. [3] [4] The IKMC was initiated on March 15, 2007, at a meeting in Brussels. By 2011, Nature reported that approximately 17,000 different genes have already been disabled by the consortium, "leaving only around 3,000 more ...
Gene knock-in originated as a slight modification of the original knockout technique developed by Martin Evans, Oliver Smithies, and Mario Capecchi.Traditionally, knock-in techniques have relied on homologous recombination to drive targeted gene replacement, although other methods using a transposon-mediated system to insert the target gene have been developed. [3]
[23] [24] However it took another eight years before transgenic mice were developed that passed the transgene to their offspring. [25] [26] Genetically modified mice were created in 1984 that carried cloned oncogenes, predisposing them to developing cancer. [27] Mice with genes knocked out (knockout mouse) were created in 1989.
Originally they were described as nu and this was updated to Hfh11nu when the mutated gene was identified as a mutation in the HNF-3/forkhead homolog 11 gene. Then in 2000, the gene responsible for the mutation was identified as a member of the Fox gene family and the nomenclature was updated to Foxn1nu.
In addition, it has been used to engineer stably modified human embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell (IPSCs) clones and human erythroid cell lines, [11] [28] to generate knockout C. elegans, [12] knockout rats, [13] knockout mice, [29] and knockout zebrafish. [14] [30] Moreover, the method can be used to generate knockin organisms.