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The gap between male and female 4th graders was 7 points in 2008. By 12th grade, there was an 11-point gap between males and females. [11] On the 2002 National Writing Assessment, boys scored on average 17 points lower than girls in 4th grade.
The literacy gap in fourth grade is equivalent to males being two years behind the average girl in reading and writing. At the middle school level, statistics from the Educational Testing Service show that the gap between eight-grade males and females is more than six times greater than the differences in mathematical reasoning, mathematical ...
Adolescent girls have the highest risk of sexual coercion, sexual ill health, and negative reproductive outcomes. The risks they face are higher than those of boys and men; this increased risk is partly due to gender inequity (different socialization of boys and girls, gender based violence, child marriage) and partly due to biological factors ...
Men accounted for about 75% of doctoral degrees in those fields (a proportion that has barely changed since 2007), and expected to earn $113,000 compared with $99,000 for women. In the social sciences the difference between men and women with PhD's was significantly smaller, with men earning ~$66,000, compared with $62,000 for women.
Despite its relatively short life, gender history (and its forerunner women's history) has had a rather significant effect on the general study of history.Since the 1960s, when the initially small field first achieved a measure of acceptance, it has gone through a number of different phases, each with its own challenges and outcomes, but always making an impact of some kind on the historical ...
In-group and out-group hostility at a young age is associated with a child liking their sex identity and seeking to maintain stereotype characters rather than hostility towards the out-group. [55] Pre-schoolers and children aged 3–5 show a negative reaction and punishment like ridicule when someone from their in-groups, either boys or girls ...
The results are varied between age groups, with 118 single men per 100 single women in their 20s, versus 33 single men to 100 single women over 65. [107] The numbers also vary between countries. For example, China has many more young men than young women, and this disparity is expected to increase. [108]
Men in jobs traditionally held by women, such as nursing, elementary school teaching, and social work, experience a "glass escalator" effect in which they are able to quickly ascend the job hierarchy to become managers and principals. [43] There also tends to be a gender pay gap between men and women, with women earning 77% as much as men. [44]