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Given this history, some Buddhists have stated that the tradition of the sangha represents humanity's oldest surviving democratic institution. [7] In Buddhism, sangha refers to the monastic communities of bhikkhu (monks) and bhikkhuni (nuns). These communities are traditionally referred to as the bhikkhu-sangha or the bhikkhuni-sangha.
First-fully developed examples of Kharosthi script in the inscriptions at Shahbaz Garhi and Mānsehrā in Gandhara. c. 250 BCE: Indian traders regularly visit ports in the Arabian Peninsula, explaining the prevalence of place names in the region with Indian or Buddhist origin; e.g., bahar (from Sanskrit vihara (a Buddhist monastery).
Buddhaghosa (c. 5th century), the most important Abhidharma scholar of Theravāda Buddhism, presenting three copies of the Visuddhimagga. The Sri Lankan Buddhist Sangha initially preserved the Buddhist scriptures (the Tipitaka) orally as it had been traditionally done in India.
The Thai Theravada tradition has a different way of counting the history of Buddhist councils and names many other councils besides the ones listed above. A common Thai historical source for the early councils is the Saṅgītiyavaṁsa (c. 1789) by Somdet Wannarat, abbot of Wat Pho. [72]
These timelines of world history detail recorded events since the creation of writing roughly 5000 years ago to the present day. For events from c. 3200 BC – c. 500 see: Timeline of ancient history; For events from c. 500 – c. 1499, see: Timeline of post-classical history; For events from c. 1500, see: Timelines of modern history
India Early Sangha Early Buddhist schools Mahāyāna Vajrayāna Sri Lanka & Southeast Asia Theravāda Tibetan Buddhism Nyingma Kadam Kagyu Dagpo Sakya Jonang East Asia Early Buddhist schools and Mahāyāna (via the silk road to China, and ocean contact from India to Vietnam) Tangmi Nara (Rokushū) Shingon Chan Thiền, Seon Zen Tiantai / Jìngtǔ Tendai Nichiren Jōdo-shū Central Asia & Tarim ...
The date used as the end of the ancient era is arbitrary. The transition period from Classical Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages is known as Late Antiquity.Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world: generally from the end of the Roman Empire's ...
The phrase gana sangha can be translated as (rule by) tribal assembly. In ancient Buddhist texts like the Anguttara Nikaya [ 5 ] which make frequent reference to the great states in ancient India , the texts often use the phrase to refer a type of aristocratic rule, contrast to monarchy (साम्राज्य samarajya in Sanskrit).