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Pig iron, also known as crude iron, is an intermediate good used by the iron industry in the production of steel. It is developed by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace . Pig iron has a high carbon content, typically 3.8–4.7%, [ 1 ] along with silica and other dross , which makes it brittle and not useful directly as a material except for ...
The pelletizing of powdered iron ores was first introduced at the end of the nineteenth century, utilizing tar as a binding agent, comprising 1% by weight. [1] This method involved firing the mixture in a rotating drum to create pellets suitable for blast furnaces, while also facilitating the removal of undesirable elements such as sulfur and ...
Lebeddinskv GOK-1 unit at Gubkin : HYL process started up in 1999, capacity 0.9 Mt/year. Based on the principle of counter-current piston flow, these processes are the closest to the blast furnace or, more accurately, the stückofen. Hot reducing gases are obtained from natural gas, in a separate unit from the shaft, and injected at the bottom ...
The Chinese are thought to have skipped the bloomery process completely, starting with the blast furnace and the finery forge to produce wrought iron; by the fifth century BC, metalworkers in the southern state of Wu had invented the blast furnace and the means to both cast iron and to decarburize the carbon-rich pig iron produced in a blast ...
The blast furnace, used to produce pig iron from iron ore. These can be subdivided into: Cold blast furnaces; Hot blast furnaces; The bloomery, a precursor to the blast furnace that produces sponge iron from ore; The blowing house, a traditional furnace for smelting tin; The smeltmill, a traditional furnace for smelting lead
Direct reduction processes can be divided roughly into two categories: gas-based and coal-based. In both cases, the objective of the process is to remove the oxygen contained in various forms of iron ore (sized ore, concentrates, pellets, mill scale, furnace dust, etc.) in order to convert the ore to metallic iron, without melting it (below 1,200 °C (2,190 °F)).
Common extraction methods for iron ore are drilling and blasting. The ore is then transported for processing where it undergoes crushing before being put in a blast furnace where coke smelting converts the iron ore to metallic iron. [9] This is a part of the beneficiation process where the ore is becoming ore concentrate.
Cast iron development lagged in Europe because wrought iron was the desired product and the intermediate step of producing cast iron involved an expensive blast furnace and further refining of pig iron to cast iron, which then required a labor and capital intensive conversion to wrought iron. [11]