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  2. Differential calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_calculus

    For a real-valued function of a single real variable, the derivative of a function at a point generally determines the best linear approximation to the function at that point. Differential calculus and integral calculus are connected by the fundamental theorem of calculus. This states that differentiation is the reverse process to integration.

  3. Derivative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative

    The application of hyperreal numbers to the foundations of calculus is called nonstandard analysis. This provides a way to define the basic concepts of calculus such as the derivative and integral in terms of infinitesimals, thereby giving a precise meaning to the d {\displaystyle d} in the Leibniz notation.

  4. Differential of a function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_of_a_function

    The precise meaning of the variables and depends on the context of the application and the required level of mathematical rigor. The domain of these variables may take on a particular geometrical significance if the differential is regarded as a particular differential form , or analytical significance if the differential is regarded as a ...

  5. Differential equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation

    In mathematics, a differential equation is an equation that relates one or more unknown functions and their derivatives. [1] In applications, the functions generally represent physical quantities, the derivatives represent their rates of change, and the differential equation defines a relationship between the two.

  6. Numerical differentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_differentiation

    The classical finite-difference approximations for numerical differentiation are ill-conditioned. However, if f {\displaystyle f} is a holomorphic function , real-valued on the real line, which can be evaluated at points in the complex plane near x {\displaystyle x} , then there are stable methods.

  7. Integro-differential equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integro-differential_equation

    Consider the following second-order problem, ′ + + = () =, where = {,, <is the Heaviside step function.The Laplace transform is defined by, = {()} = ().Upon taking term-by-term Laplace transforms, and utilising the rules for derivatives and integrals, the integro-differential equation is converted into the following algebraic equation,

  8. Total derivative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_derivative

    In mathematics, the total derivative of a function f at a point is the best linear approximation near this point of the function with respect to its arguments. Unlike partial derivatives, the total derivative approximates the function with respect to all of its arguments, not just a single one.

  9. Differential (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_(mathematics)

    In calculus, the differential represents a change in the linearization of a function.. The total differential is its generalization for functions of multiple variables.; In traditional approaches to calculus, differentials (e.g. dx, dy, dt, etc.) are interpreted as infinitesimals.