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  2. Free-electron laser - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-electron_laser

    A free-electron laser (FEL) is a fourth generation light source producing extremely brilliant and short pulses of radiation. An FEL functions much as a laser but employs relativistic electrons as a gain medium instead of using stimulated emission from atomic or molecular excitations.

  3. List of laser types - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laser_types

    Free-electron laser: A broad wavelength range (0.1 nm - several mm); a single FEL may be tunable over a wavelength range Relativistic electron beam: Atmospheric research, material science, medical applications. CO₂ gas dynamic laser: Several lines around 10.5 μm; other frequencies may be possible with different gas mixtures

  4. Self-amplified spontaneous emission - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Amplified_Spontaneous...

    Self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) is a process within a free-electron laser (FEL) by which a laser beam is created from a high-energy electron beam. [1] [2] The SASE process starts with an electron bunch being injected into an undulator, with a velocity close to the speed of light and a uniform density distribution within the bunch.

  5. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_National...

    In addition to the accelerator, the laboratory has housed and continues to house a free-electron laser (FEL) instrument. The construction of the FEL started June 11, 1996. It achieved first light on June 17, 1998. Since then, the FEL has been upgraded numerous times, increasing its power and capabilities substantially.

  6. Laser - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser

    The free-electron laser FELIX at the FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Nieuwegein. Free-electron lasers (FEL) generate coherent, high-power radiation that is widely tunable, currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves through terahertz radiation and infrared to the visible spectrum, to soft X-rays. They have the widest frequency ...

  7. This Is The Healthiest Source Of Protein, According To A New ...

    www.aol.com/healthiest-source-protein-according...

    Protein is the key to keeping you full and energized. But when it comes to the source, some proteins stand above the rest, according to a new report from an advisory committee to the United States ...

  8. Smith–Purcell effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith–Purcell_effect

    The Smith–Purcell effect was the precursor of the free-electron laser (FEL). It was studied by Steve Smith, a graduate student under the guidance of Edward Purcell.In their experiment, they sent an energetic beam of electrons very closely parallel to the surface of a ruled optical diffraction grating, and thereby generated visible light. [1]

  9. The Sneaky Sign of Inflammation You Shouldn't Ignore - AOL

    www.aol.com/sneaky-sign-inflammation-shouldnt...

    First, it’s important to understand that inflammation isn’t always bad. “Inflammation is one of the body’s key mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis, acting as a natural response to ...