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The largest Antarctic ozone hole recorded (September 2006) 2012 retrospective video by NASA on the Montreal Protocol The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer [2] is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
Because the Protocol was created in the 1980s and countries economic situations have changed, the Kigali Amendment created three updated groups for compliance with the additional terms. [ 18 ] The first group, which includes the "old" industrialized countries, is committed to reducing the use of HFCs by 45% by 2024 and by 85% by 2036, compared ...
English: A retrospective video on the Montreal Protocol.The video about the policy documents the collaboration between policy-makers, scientists, and industry leaders to regulate CFCs to protect humans from further ozone depletion and the ozone hole, a rare case of successful international environmental policy.
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The development of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) as replacements for Hydrochlorofluorocarbons and Hydrofluorocarbons began after the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol in 2016, which called for the phase out of high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants and to replace them with other refrigerants with a lower GWP, closer to that of ...
Stephen Oliver Andersen (born 17 January 1948) is the Director of Research at the Institute for Governance & Sustainable Development (IGSD) [1] and former co-chair (1989–2012) [2] of the Montreal Protocol Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) where he also chaired and co-chaired Technical Options Committees, Task Forces and Special Reports.
A married couple of two 65+ adults would take a total deduction of $27,700 (standard deduction) plus $1,500 for one 65+ adult plus $1,500 for second 65+ adult — a total of $30,700.
The Protocol makes it an offence to commit similarly violent, dangerous, or damaging acts in airports that serve civil aviation. The Protocol came into force on 6 August 1989 and as of October 2022 has been ratified by 176 states, which includes 174 UN member states plus the Cook Islands and Niue .