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León palimpsest (7th century; extant verses 1 John 1:5–5:21, [25] including the text of the Comma Johanneum . [26] The Muratorian fragment, dated to AD 170, cites chapter 1, verses 1–3 within a discussion of the Gospel of John. [27] Papyrus 9, dating from the 3rd century, has surviving parts of chapter 4, verses 11–12 and 14–17. [28]
Eusebius claimed that the author of 2nd and 3rd John was not John the Apostle but actually John the Elder, [71] due to the introductions of the epistles. However, modern scholars have argued that Eusebius made this conclusion based on a misinterpretation of a statement from Papias and a desire to invent a second John to be the author of ...
The First Epistle of John stands out from the others due to its form, but they're united by language, style, contents, themes, and worldview. [9] The Second and Third Epistles of John are composed as regular greco-roman letters, with greetings and endings, while the First Epistle of John lacks such characteristic markings and instead resembles a sermon or an exhoratory speech.
Modern, mainstream Bible scholars generally assert that the Gospel of John has been written by an anonymous author. [65] [66] [67] Regarding whether the author of the Gospel of John was an eyewitness, according to Paul N. Anderson, the gospel "contains more direct claims to eyewitness origins than any of the other Gospel traditions."
The author may have drawn on a "signs source" (a collection of miracles) for chapters 1–12, a "passion source" for the story of Jesus's arrest and crucifixion, and a "sayings source" for the discourses, but these hypotheses are much debated, [19] and recent scholarship has tended to turn against positing hypothetical sources for John. [20 ...
the Word and the Word made flesh (John 1:1, 14), identified by the Christian theology with the second divine person of the Most Holy Trinity; the Son of God (John 1:34,49) and the Unigenitus Son of God and the Nicene Creed) the Lamb of God (John 1:29,36) Rabbi, meaning Teacher or Master (John 1:38,49) the Messiah, or the Christ
In fact 1 John is anonymous, and 2 and 3 John identify their author only as "the Elder." Though 2 Peter states its author as "Simon Peter, a servant and apostle of Jesus Christ", most scholars today regard this as pseudonymous, and many hold the same opinion of James, 1 Peter and Jude. [101]
John the Evangelist, the author of the fourth gospel account, is symbolized by an eagle—a figure of the sky, and believed by Christian scholars to be able to look straight into the sun. John starts with an eternal overview of Jesus the Logos and goes on to describe many things with a "higher" christology than the other three (synoptic ...
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