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Indentured servants could not marry without the permission of their master, were frequently subject to physical punishment, and did not receive legal favor from the courts. Female indentured servants in particular might be raped and/or sexually abused by their masters. If children were produced the labour would be extended by two years. [14]
It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude with similarities to and differences from slavery. It developed during late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century. [1]
The Indian indenture system was a system of indentured servitude, by which more than 1.6 million workers [1] from British India were transported to labour in European colonies, as a substitute for slave labour, following the abolition of the trade in the early 19th century.
Servants waiting to serve bowls of rice and roast lamb to guests attending an Arab farmer's wedding in the Negev. מנות אוכל של אורז ובשר מוכן להגשה לא The male members of the young couple's families eating the leftovers of the meal served at the wedding of two bedouins in the Negev.
The use of slaves for hard physical labor early on in Muslim history led to several destructive slave revolts, [1] the most notable being the Zanj Rebellion of 869–883, and led to the end of the practice. [3] Many rulers also used slaves in the military and administration to such an extent that slaves could seize power, as did the Mamluks. [1]
A second route of slave trade existed, with people from both Africa and East Asia, who were smuggled to Jeddah in the Arabian Peninsula in connection to the Muslim pilgrimage, Hajj, to Mecca and Medina. Victims were tricked to perform the journey willingly in the belief that they were going on the Hajj pilgrimage, or employed as servants, and ...
By the 20th century, slaves were primarily trafficked from West Africa, East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, and South-Western Asia. [6] A former Royal Air Force pilot, who trafficked slaves from Africa into Arabia in the 1950s, stated: "That's where all roads end [...] Arabia", since Saudi Arabia was the center and end station of ...
[16] [17] Rather, slavery in antiquity among the Israelites was closer to what would later be called indentured servitude. [15] In fact, there were cases in which, from a slave's point of view, the stability of servitude under a family in which the slave was well-treated would have been preferable to economic freedom.