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A portrait of Whiston with a diagram demonstrating his theories of cometary catastrophism best described in A New Theory of the Earth. It was not until the 17th century that geology made great strides in its development. At this time, geology became its own entity in the world of natural science.
New models of the structure of the atom led to developments in theories of chemistry and the development of new materials such as nylon and plastics. Advances in biology led to large increases in food production, as well as the elimination of diseases such as polio. A massive amount of new technologies were developed in the 20th century.
1830 – Sir Charles Lyell publishes book, Principles of Geology, which describes the world as being several hundred million years old; 1837 – Louis Agassiz begins his glaciation studies which eventually demonstrate that the Earth has had at least one ice age; 1841 – August Breithaupt, Vollstandiges Handbuch der Mineralogie
The ages of more recent layers are calculated primarily by the study of fossils, which are remains of ancient life preserved in the rock. These occur consistently and so a theory is feasible. Most of the boundaries in recent geologic time coincide with extinctions (e.g., the dinosaurs) and with the appearances of new species (e.g., hominids).
Dover books on earth sciences: Dover Classics of Science and Mathematics. Translated by Cyril Stanley Smith and Martha Teach Gnudi. Courier Dover Publications. p. 477. ISBN 978-0-486-26134-8. The book has a chapter about antimony ('antimony' means here its sulfide, antimonite or stibnite).
The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
During this period, the Church was also a major patron of engineering for the construction of elaborate cathedrals. Since the Renaissance, Catholic scientists have been credited as fathers of a diverse range of scientific fields: Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) pioneered heliocentrism, René Descartes (1596-1650) father of analytical geometry and co-founder of modern philosophy, Jean-Baptiste ...
Marine geology or geological oceanography is the study of the history and structure of the ocean floor. It involves geophysical , geochemical , sedimentological and paleontological investigations of the ocean floor and coastal zone .