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The electron is a charged particle with charge − e, where e is the unit of elementary charge. Its angular momentum comes from two types of rotation: spin and orbital motion. From classical electrodynamics, a rotating distribution of electric charge produces a magnetic dipole, so that it behaves like a tiny bar magnet.
The Weiss magneton was experimentally derived in 1911 as a unit of magnetic moment equal to 1.53 × 10 −24 joules per tesla, which is about 20% of the Bohr magneton. In the summer of 1913, the values for the natural units of atomic angular momentum and magnetic moment were obtained by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr as a consequence of his ...
For a magnetic crystal, it is tempting to try to define = where the limit is taken as the volume V of the system becomes large. However, because of the factor of r in the integrand, the integral has contributions from surface currents that cannot be neglected, and as a result the above equation does not lead to a bulk definition of orbital magnetization.
This is the basis for defining the magnetic moment units of Bohr magneton (assuming charge-to-mass ratio of the electron) and nuclear magneton (assuming charge-to-mass ratio of the proton). See electron magnetic moment and Bohr magneton for more details.
The spin magnetic moment of the electron is =, where is the spin (or intrinsic angular-momentum) vector, is the Bohr magneton, and = is the electron-spin g-factor. Here μ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}} is a negative constant multiplied by the spin , so the spin magnetic moment is antiparallel to the spin.
The quantity μ eff is effectively dimensionless, but is often stated as in units of Bohr magneton (μ B). [12] For substances that obey the Curie law, the effective magnetic moment is independent of temperature. For other substances μ eff is temperature dependent, but the dependence is small if the Curie-Weiss law holds and the Curie ...
The Bohr model [9] proposed electrons in circular orbit around the nucleus with quantized values of angular momentum. Instead of radiating energy continuously, as classical electrodynamics demanded from an accelerating charge, Bohr's electron radiated discretely when it "leaped" from one state of angular momentum to another.
where is the Bohr magneton, is the total electronic angular momentum, and is the Landé g-factor. A more accurate approach is to take into account that the operator of the magnetic moment of an electron is a sum of the contributions of the orbital angular momentum L → {\displaystyle {\vec {L}}} and the spin angular momentum S → ...