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An abacus (pl.: abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. [1] An abacus consists of a two-dimensional array of slidable beads (or similar objects). In their ...
The Late Roman hand abacus shown here as a reconstruction contains seven longer and seven shorter grooves used for whole number counting, the former having up to four beads in each, and the latter having just one. The rightmost two grooves were for fractional counting. The abacus was made of a metal plate where the beads ran in slots.
Abacus – The Aztec and Maya of Mesoamerica performed arithmetic operations using an abacus. It served as a more accurate and faster alternative to a written solution or relying on memory. Archaeologists have recorded the Mesoamerican abacus, or Nepohualtzintzin, as being present in Mesoamerica from at least between 900 and 1000 CE. [1]
Zhusuan was an abacus invented in China at the end of the 2nd century CE and reached its peak during the period from the 13th to the 16th century CE. In the 13th century, Guo Shoujing (郭守敬) used Zhusuan to calculate the length of each orbital year and found it to be 365.2425 days.
The abacus was early used for arithmetic tasks. What we now call the Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as c. 2700 –2300 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented.
Zhusuan was an abacus invented in China at the end of the 2nd century CE and reached its peak during the period from the 13th to the 16th century CE. In the 13th century, Guo Shoujing (郭守敬) used Zhusuan to calculate the length of each orbital year and found it to be 365.2425 days.
A suanpan (top) and a soroban (bottom). The two abaci seen here are of standard size and have thirteen rods each. Another variant of soroban. The soroban is composed of an odd number of columns or rods, each having beads: one separate bead having a value of five, called go-dama (五玉, ごだま, "five-bead") and four beads each having a value of one, called ichi-dama (一玉, いちだま ...
Number 0, invented by the Maya or possibly the Olmec. An illustration of the Pre-Columbian abacus: the Nepohualtzintzin. The ancient Mexicans also developed complex arithmetic functions and operations such as additions, subtractions, divisions, and multiplications.