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effective in hypercalcemia due to malignancy with elevated vitamin D levels (many types of malignancies raise the vitamin D level). [22] also effective in hypervitaminosis D and sarcoidosis; dialysis usually used in severe hypercalcaemia complicated by kidney failure. Supplemental phosphate should be monitored and added if necessary
Like hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia can be non-severe and present with no symptoms, or it may be severe, with life-threatening symptoms. Hypercalcemia is most commonly caused by hyperparathyroidism and by malignancy, and less commonly by vitamin D intoxication, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and by sarcoidosis. [2]
Hypercalcemia occurs when there is a raised level of calcium in the blood, compared to the normal range of 2.2–2.6 mmol/L. Typical symptoms of this condition include renal stones, bone pain, abdominal discomfort, and nausea/vomiting. More severe symptoms are associated with psychiatric overtones which are consumed with anxiety, depression ...
Primary treatment of hypercalcemia consists of administering IV fluids. [3] If the hypercalcemia is severe and/or associated with cancer, it may be treated with bisphosphonates. [3] [14] For very severe cases, hemodialysis may be considered for rapid removal of calcium from the blood. [3] [14]
These treatments are more likely only transient therapies before parathyroidectomy is performed. Indications for surgery in tertiary hyperparathyroidism commonly involve the development of chronic, severe conditions including osteopenia, persistent severe hypercalcemia, bone pain and pathologic fracture.
Treatment Withdrawal of the offending agent, hydration, hemodialysis (in extreme cases). Milk-alkali syndrome ( MAS ), also referred to as calcium-alkali syndrome , is the third most common cause of elevated blood calcium levels ( hypercalcemia ).
[1] [2] Most of the remainder are due to several of these adenomas. [1] [2] Very rarely it may be due to parathyroid cancer. [2] Secondary hyperparathyroidism typically occurs due to vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney disease, or other causes of low blood calcium. [1]
Nephrocalcinosis, once known as Albright's calcinosis after Fuller Albright, is a term originally used to describe the deposition of poorly soluble calcium salts in the renal parenchyma due to hyperparathyroidism. The term nephrocalcinosis is used to describe the deposition of both calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. [1]