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In the antibody screening procedure, an individual's plasma is added to a panel of two or three sets of red blood cells which have been chosen to express most clinically significant blood group antigens. Only group O cells are used in antibody screening, as otherwise the cells would react with the naturally occurring ABO blood group antibodies.
CD47 (Cluster of Differentiation 47) also known as integrin associated protein (IAP) is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the CD47 gene.CD47 belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily [5] and partners with membrane integrins and also binds the ligands thrombospondin-1 and signal-regulatory protein alpha (). [6]
The term human blood group systems is defined by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) as systems in the human species where cell-surface antigens—in particular, those on blood cells—are "controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them", [1] and include the common ABO and Rh ...
Anti-Di a (the antibody to Di a) can cause severe hemolytic disease of the newborn and severe transfusion reaction. Anti-Di b usually causes milder reactions. [2] The Wright blood system is another pair of types, Wright a (Wr a) and Wright b (Wr b), also differing by one amino acid on the AE1 glycoprotein and one nucleotide on the SLC4A1 gene.
A clinically significant antibody is an antibody that is capable of causing in vitro hemolysis or a decreased survival of transfused donor red blood cells. [7] Antibodies to high frequency antigens can be assessed for clinical significance using the monocyte monolayer assay.
Anti-Fy a is a common antibody while anti-Fy b is approximately 20 times less common., [106] [107] They are reactive at body temperature and are therefore clinically significant, although they do not typically bind complement. Antibodies are acquired through exposure (pregnancy or history of blood transfusion) and subsequent alloimmunization.
The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies, produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria, and viruses. The ABO blood types were discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901; he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for this discovery. [ 5 ]
Anti-M and anti-N are generally clinically insignificant. Anti-S, anti-s and anti-U antibodies are acquired following exposure (via pregnancy or past transfusion with blood products) and are warm-reacting IgG-class antibodies. [7] Anti-S, anti-s and anti-U are usually clinically significant.