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In calculus, the quotient rule is a method of finding the derivative of a function that is the ratio of two differentiable functions. Let h ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) {\displaystyle h(x)={\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}} , where both f and g are differentiable and g ( x ) ≠ 0. {\displaystyle g(x)\neq 0.}
[1] [2] This applies even in the cases that f(x) and g(x) take on different values at c, or are discontinuous at c. Polynomials and functions of the form x a [ edit ]
Integration by parts can be extended to functions of several variables by applying a version of the fundamental theorem of calculus to an appropriate product rule. There are several such pairings possible in multivariate calculus, involving a scalar-valued function u and vector-valued function (vector field) V .
The main idea is to express an integral involving an integer parameter (e.g. power) of a function, represented by I n, in terms of an integral that involves a lower value of the parameter (lower power) of that function, for example I n-1 or I n-2. This makes the reduction formula a type of recurrence relation. In other words, the reduction ...
Indeterminate form is a mathematical expression that can obtain any value depending on circumstances. In calculus, it is usually possible to compute the limit of the sum, difference, product, quotient or power of two functions by taking the corresponding combination of the separate limits of each respective function.
Composite Simpson's 3/8 rule is even less accurate. Integration by Simpson's 1/3 rule can be represented as a weighted average with 2/3 of the value coming from integration by the trapezoidal rule with step h and 1/3 of the value coming from integration by the rectangle rule with step 2h. The accuracy is governed by the second (2h step) term
(Figure 4) Solution of ′ = computed with the Euler method with step size = (blue squares) and = (red circles). The black curve shows the exact solution. The black curve shows the exact solution. The Euler method can also be numerically unstable , especially for stiff equations , meaning that the numerical solution grows very large for ...
In mathematics, geometric calculus extends geometric algebra to include differentiation and integration. The formalism is powerful and can be shown to reproduce other mathematical theories including vector calculus , differential geometry , and differential forms .
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