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Ammonia production takes place worldwide, mostly in large-scale manufacturing plants that produce 183 million metric tonnes [1] of ammonia (2021) annually. [2][3] Leading producers are China (31.9%), Russia (8.7%), India (7.5%), and the United States (7.1%). 80% or more of ammonia is used as fertilizer. Ammonia is also used for the production ...
The Haber process, [1] also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia. [2][3] It converts atmospheric nitrogen (N 2) to ammonia (NH 3) by a reaction with hydrogen (H 2) using a finely divided iron metal catalyst: This reaction is slightly favorable in terms of enthalpy, but is disfavored in ...
In the 1870s, ammonia was an unwanted byproduct of making manufactured gas. Its importance emerged later, and in the 1900s the industry modified their facilities to produce it from coke. Still, production could not meet demand. [25] In 1900, Chile, with its deposits of saltpeter, produced two-thirds of all fertilizer on the planet. [26]
Fritz Haber. Fritz Haber (German pronunciation: [ˈfʁɪt͡s ˈhaːbɐ] ⓘ; 9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934) was a German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber–Bosch process, a method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. This invention is important ...
Ammonia production currently creates 1.8% of global CO 2 emissions. 'Green ammonia' is ammonia produced by using green hydrogen (hydrogen produced by electrolysis), whereas 'blue ammonia' is ammonia produced using blue hydrogen (hydrogen produced by steam methane reforming where the carbon dioxide has been captured and stored). [105]
The worldwide ammonia production, using hydrogen derived from steam reforming, was 144 million tonnes in 2018. [14] The energy consumption has been reduced from 100 GJ/tonne of ammonia in 1920 to 27 GJ by 2019. [15] Globally, almost 50% of hydrogen is produced via steam reforming. [9]
The dominant industrial method for producing ammonia is the Haber process also known as the Haber-Bosch process. [69] Fertilizer production is now the largest source of human-produced fixed nitrogen in the terrestrial ecosystem. Ammonia is a required precursor to fertilizers, explosives, and other products. The Haber process requires high ...
Ammonia pollution. Estimated increase in annual mean surface concentration of particulate matter resulting from ammonia emissions associated with food export. The lichen Bryoria fuscescens which is sensitive to ammonia pollution. Ammonia pollution is pollution by the chemical ammonia (NH 3) – a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen which is a ...