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In the analysis of a flow, it is often desirable to reduce the number of equations and/or the number of variables. The incompressible Navier–Stokes equation with mass continuity (four equations in four unknowns) can be reduced to a single equation with a single dependent variable in 2D, or one vector equation in 3D.
The solution of the equations is a flow velocity.It is a vector field—to every point in a fluid, at any moment in a time interval, it gives a vector whose direction and magnitude are those of the velocity of the fluid at that point in space and at that moment in time.
Definition. For a vector field defined on a domain , a Helmholtz decomposition is a pair of vector fields and such that: Here, is a scalar potential, is its gradient, and is the divergence of the vector field . The irrotational vector field is called a gradient field and is called a solenoidal field or rotation field.
The direct-quadrature-zero (DQZ or DQ0[1] or DQO, [2] sometimes lowercase) transformation or zero-direct-quadrature[3] (0DQ or ODQ, sometimes lowercase) transformation is a tensor that rotates the reference frame of a three-element vector or a three-by-three element matrix in an effort to simplify analysis. The DQZ transform is the product of ...
The divergence of a vector field F(x) at a point x0 is defined as the limit of the ratio of the surface integral of F out of the closed surface of a volume V enclosing x0 to the volume of V, as V shrinks to zero. where |V| is the volume of V, S(V) is the boundary of V, and is the outward unit normal to that surface.
Vector product. The cross-product in respect to a right-handed coordinate system. In mathematics and physics, vector notation is a commonly used notation for representing vectors, [1][2] which may be Euclidean vectors, or more generally, members of a vector space. For denoting a vector, the common typographic convention is lower case, upright ...
In mathematics, the cross product or vector product (occasionally directed area product, to emphasize its geometric significance) is a binary operation on two vectors in a three-dimensional oriented Euclidean vector space (named here ), and is denoted by the symbol . Given two linearly independent vectors a and b, the cross product, a × b ...
v. t. e. Euler's formula, named after Leonhard Euler, is a mathematical formula in complex analysis that establishes the fundamental relationship between the trigonometric functions and the complex exponential function. Euler's formula states that, for any real number x, one has where e is the base of the natural logarithm, i is the imaginary ...