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Under this modeling, the best policy is obviously to reduce the radon levels of all homes where the radon level is above average, because this leads to a significant decrease of radon exposure on a significant fraction of the population; but this effect is predicted in the 0–200 Bq/m 3 range, where the linear model has its maximum uncertainty ...
Radon is thus assumed to be the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking, and accounts for 15,000 to 22,000 cancer deaths per year in the US alone. [9] [better source needed] However, the discussion about the opposite experimental results is still going on. [10] About 100,000 Bq/m 3 of radon was found in Stanley Watras's basement in 1984.
Low levels may be reported in counts per minute using a scintillation counter. In the case of low-level contamination by isotopes with a short half-life, the best course of action may be to simply allow the material to naturally decay. Longer-lived isotopes should be cleaned up and properly disposed of because even a very low level of radiation ...
Most water in Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from saline seawater, while fresh water accounts for nearly 1% of the total. The vast bulk of the water on Earth is saline or salt water, with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 3.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land.
3.48 neon-32: 3.5 darmstadtium-277: 3.5 protactinium-211: 3.8 lead-179: 3.9 roentgenium-278: 4 radium-203: 4 seaborgium-260: 4 uranium-216: 4.3 beryllium-14: 4.35 lead-180: 4.5 radon-196: 4.7 fluorine-27: 5 bismuth-189m1: 5.0 francium-214: 5.0 meitnerium-277: 5 nobelium-262: 5 polonium-189: 5 boron-17: 5.08 protactinium-223: 5.1 americium-223: ...
Pressure conditions may be extremely high or low; high or low content of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; high levels of radiation, acidity, or alkalinity; absence of water; water containing a high concentration of salt; the presence of sulphur, petroleum, and other toxic substances. [1]
The water policy of the European Union is primarily codified in three directives: Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment (91/271/EEC) of 21 May 1991 concerning discharges of municipal and some industrial wastewaters; The Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC) of 3 November 1998 concerning potable water quality;
Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful for humans, for example as a source of drinking water supply or irrigation water. These resources can be either freshwater from natural sources, or water produced artificially from other sources, such as from reclaimed water or desalinated water (). 97% of the water on Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh ...