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In a vector space, the additive inverse −v (often called the opposite vector of v) has the same magnitude as v and but the opposite direction. [11] In modular arithmetic, the modular additive inverse of x is the number a such that a + x ≡ 0 (mod n) and always exists. For example, the inverse of 3 modulo 11 is 8, as 3 + 8 ≡ 0 (mod 11). [12]
2. Denotes the additive inverse and is read as minus, the negative of, or the opposite of; for example, –2. 3. Also used in place of \ for denoting the set-theoretic complement; see \ in § Set theory. × (multiplication sign) 1. In elementary arithmetic, denotes multiplication, and is read as times; for example, 3 × 2. 2.
The transitive extension of R 1 would be denoted by R 2, and continuing in this way, in general, the transitive extension of R i would be R i + 1. The transitive closure of R, denoted by R* or R ∞ is the set union of R, R 1, R 2, ... . [8] The transitive closure of a relation is a transitive relation. [8]
When 0 is said to be both positive and negative, [citation needed] modified phrases are used to refer to the sign of a number: A number is strictly positive if it is greater than zero. A number is strictly negative if it is less than zero. A number is positive if it is greater than or equal to zero. A number is negative if it is less than or ...
The rules for the additive inverse, and the multiplicative inverse for positive numbers, are both examples of applying a monotonically decreasing function. If the inequality is strict ( a < b , a > b ) and the function is strictly monotonic, then the inequality remains strict.
As an example, "is less than" is a relation on the set of natural numbers; it holds, for instance, between the values 1 and 3 (denoted as 1 < 3), and likewise between 3 and 4 (denoted as 3 < 4), but not between the values 3 and 1 nor between 4 and 4, that is, 3 < 1 and 4 < 4 both evaluate to false.
A law of trichotomy on some set X of numbers usually expresses that some tacitly given ordering relation on X is a trichotomous one. An example is the law "For arbitrary real numbers x and y, exactly one of x < y, y < x, or x = y applies"; some authors even fix y to be zero, [1] relying on the real number's additive linearly ordered group structure.
In fact, if a function has a left inverse and a right inverse, they are both the same two-sided inverse, so it can be called the inverse. If g {\displaystyle g} is a left inverse and h {\displaystyle h} a right inverse of f {\displaystyle f} , for all y ∈ Y {\displaystyle y\in Y} , g ( y ) = g ( f ( h ( y ) ) = h ( y ) {\displaystyle g(y)=g(f ...