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Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a phosphatase in humans and is encoded by the PTEN gene. [6] Mutations of this gene are a step in the development of many cancers , specifically glioblastoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer.
[14] [page needed] Germline mutations in PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), a tumor suppressor gene, are found in up to 80% of Cowden's patients. [10] Several other hereditary cancer syndromes, such as Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome, have been associated with mutations in the PTEN gene as well.
PTEN also refers to a member of the class, phosphatase and tensin homolog. [ citation needed ] This enzyme participates in 10 metabolic pathways : inositol phosphate metabolism , phosphatidylinositol signaling system , p53 signaling pathway , focal adhesion , tight junction , endometrial cancer , glioma , prostate cancer , melanoma , and small ...
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (mutated in multiple advanced cancers 1), pseudogene 1, also known as PTENP1, is a human pseudogene. [ 3 ] which has a partial reactivated function as a competing endogenous RNA regulating the tumor suppressor gene PTEN .
The PI3K/AKT pathway has a natural inhibitor called Phosphatase and tensin homolog whose function is to limit proliferation in cells, helping to prevent cancer. Knocking out PTEN has been shown to increase the mass of the brain because of the unregulated proliferation that occurs. [ 3 ]
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) antagonises PI3K by converting PI(3,4,5)P 3 into PI(4,5)P 2. Loss of PTEN function leads to over-activation of Akt and is common in cancer cells (PTEN is a tumour suppressor). SH2-containing Inositol Phosphatase (SHIP) also dephosphorylates PI(3,4,5)P 3, at the 5' position of the inositol ring. [22]
The PTP domain is unlikely to be active in tensin 1, owing to mutation of the essential nucleophilic cysteine in the signature motif to asparagine. [5] Nevertheless, phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase, the well-studied tumor suppressor that is better known as PTEN, gets its name from homology with PTPs and tensin 1. [6]
RhoA-GTP stimulates the phospholipid phosphatase activity of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue), a human tumor suppressor protein. This stimulation seems to depend on ROCK. [8] [9] In this way, PTEN is important to prevent uncontrolled cell division as is exhibited in cancer cells.