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The negativity bias, [1] also known as the negativity effect, is a cognitive bias that, even when positive or neutral things of equal intensity occur, things of a more negative nature (e.g. unpleasant thoughts, emotions, or social interactions; harmful/traumatic events) have a greater effect on one's psychological state and processes than neutral or positive things.
Beck suggests that people with negative self-schemata are liable to interpret information presented to them in a negative manner, leading to the cognitive distortions outlined above. The pessimistic explanatory style , which describes the way in which depressed or neurotic people react negatively to certain events, is an example of the effect ...
The tendency for people of one race to have difficulty identifying members of a race other than their own. Egocentric bias Recalling the past in a self-serving manner, e.g., remembering one's exam grades as being better than they were, or remembering a caught fish as bigger than it really was.
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The basic assumption of Freud's psychoanalytic view of the person is an energy system in which all mental processes are considered to be energy flows, which can flow freely or can get sidetracked or dammed up. Freud argues that the goal of all behaviour is the reduction of tension through the release of energy, which produces pleasure.
For several days following his presentation, Andy dwells on this one negative reaction, forgetting all of the positive reactions that he had also been given. [15] The Feeling Good Handbook notes that filtering is like a "drop of ink that discolors a beaker of water". [15] One suggestion to combat filtering is a cost–benefit analysis. A person ...
Biases that affect memory, [19] such as consistency bias (remembering one's past attitudes and behavior as more similar to one's present attitudes). Biases that reflect a subject's motivation , [ 20 ] for example, the desire for a positive self-image leading to egocentric bias and the avoidance of unpleasant cognitive dissonance .
People prone to self-enhancement would exaggerate how well-adjusted they are. One study claimed that "mentally normal" groups were contaminated by "defensive deniers", who are the most subject to positive illusions. [46] A longitudinal study found that self-enhancement biases were associated with poor social skills and psychological ...