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Eukaryotic ribosomes are somewhat larger and more complex than prokaryotic ribosomes. The overall 80S eukaryotic rRNA structure is composed of a large 60S subunit (LSU) and a small 40S subunit (SSU). [5] In humans, a single transcription unit separated by 2 internally transcribed spacers encodes a precursor, 45S. The precursor 45S rDNA is ...
Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors. Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible.
Population bottleneck followed by recovery or extinction. A population bottleneck or genetic bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events such as famines, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, and droughts; or human activities such as genocide, speciocide, widespread violence or intentional culling.
Naturally occurring oxidative DNA damages arise at least 10,000 times per cell per day in humans and as much as 100,000 per cell per day in rats [9] as documented below. Oxidative DNA damage can produce more than 20 types of altered bases [ 10 ] [ 11 ] as well as single strand breaks.
Mutation rates increase substantially in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair [98] [99] or in homologous recombinational repair (HRR). [100] Chromosomal rearrangements and aneuploidy also increase in HRR defective cells. [101] Higher levels of DNA damage not only cause increased mutation, but also cause increased epimutation.
A flash drought is the sudden arrival of drought conditions. Drought.gov describes it as being "set in motion by lower-than-normal rates of precipitation, accompanied by abnormally high ...
Rivers in the heart of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil fell to their lowest levels in over a century on Monday as a record drought upends the lives of hundreds of thousands of people and damages ...
[1] [2] Eukaryotic ribosomes are also known as 80S ribosomes, referring to their sedimentation coefficients in Svedberg units, because they sediment faster than the prokaryotic ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes have two unequal subunits, designated small subunit (40S) and large subunit (60S) according to their sedimentation coefficients.