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A property having a fixed value for a given material or substance is called material constant or constant of matter. [1] (Material constants should not be confused with physical constants, that have a universal character.) A material property may also be a function of one or more independent variables, such as temperature.
Materials undergoing strain are often modeled with mechanical components, such as springs (restorative force component) and dashpots (damping component). Connecting a spring and damper in series yields a model of a Maxwell material while connecting a spring and damper in parallel yields a model of a Kelvin–Voigt material . [ 2 ]
In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
The rate or spring constant of a spring is the change in the force it exerts, divided by the change in deflection of the spring. That is, it is the gradient of the force versus deflection curve. An extension or compression spring's rate is expressed in units of force divided by distance, for example or N/m or lbf/in.
For example, consider a spring that has Q and q as, respectively, its force and deformation: The spring stiffness relation is Q = k q where k is the spring stiffness. Its flexibility relation is q = f Q, where f is the spring flexibility. Hence, f = 1/k. A typical member flexibility relation has the following general form:
In applying the method, the system must be modeled as a set of simpler, idealized elements interconnected at the nodes. The material stiffness properties of these elements are then, through linear algebra, compiled into a single matrix equation which governs the behaviour of the entire idealized structure. The structure’s unknown ...
An ideal constant-force spring is a spring for which the force it exerts over its range of motion is a constant, that is, it does not obey Hooke's law.In reality, "constant-force springs" do not provide a truly constant force and are constructed from materials that do obey Hooke's law.
TGA – Thermogravimetric analysis; TIKA – Transmitting ion kinetic analysis; TIMS – Thermal ionization mass spectrometry; TIRFM – Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy; TLS – Photothermal lens spectroscopy, a type of photothermal spectroscopy; TMA – Thermomechanical analysis; TOF-MS – Time-of-flight mass spectrometry