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2. Shelford's law of tolerance - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelford's_Law_of_Tolerance

   Shelford's law of tolerance is a principle developed by American zoologist Victor Ernest Shelford in 1911. It states that an organism 's success is based on a complex set of conditions and that each organism has a certain minimum, maximum, and optimum environmental factor or combination of factors that determine success. [ 1 ]

3. Connell–Slatyer model of ecological succession - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connell–Slatyer_model_of...

   Tolerance Model. In this case, new pioneer species neither inhibit nor facilitate the growth and success of other species. The sequences of succession are thus entirely dependent on life-history characteristics such as the specific amount of energy a species allocates to growth. [3]

4. Primary succession - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_succession

   Primary succession is the beginning step of ecological succession where species known as pioneer species colonize an uninhabited site, which usually occurs in an environment devoid of vegetation and other organisms. In contrast, secondary succession occurs on substrates that previously supported vegetation before an ecological disturbance. This ...

5. File:Diagram of Trophic Layers & Energy Transfer in an ...

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_Trophic...

   English: This is a pyramid-shaped diagram, showing how energy is transferred between trophic layers in an ecosystem, as well as what happens to other energy that is not transferred to the next layer. It was created by me utilizing the digital drawing tool Clip Studio Paint.

6. Energy flow (ecology) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_flow_(ecology)

   Ecological efficiency may be anywhere from 5% to 20% depending on how efficient or inefficient that ecosystem is. [ 8 ] [ 1 ] This decrease in efficiency occurs because organisms need to perform cellular respiration to survive, and energy is lost as heat when cellular respiration is performed. [ 1 ]

7. Ecosystem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem

   An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system formed by organisms in interaction with their environment. [ 2 ] : 458 The biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.

8. Ecological pyramid - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_pyramid

   A pyramid of biomass shows the relationship between biomass and trophic level by quantifying the biomass present at each trophic level of an ecological community at a particular time. It is a graphical representation of biomass (total amount of living or organic matter in an ecosystem) present in unit area in different trophic levels.

9. Natural environment - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment

   Its height varies with solar activity and ranges from about 350–800 km (220–500 mi; 1,150,000–2,620,000 ft). The International Space Station orbits in this layer, between 320 and 380 km (200 and 240 mi). In another way, the thermosphere is Earth's second highest atmospheric layer, extending from approximately 260,000 feet at the mesopause ...