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The tangential angle φ for an arbitrary curve A in P. In geometry, the tangential angle of a curve in the Cartesian plane, at a specific point, is the angle between the tangent line to the curve at the given point and the x-axis. [1] (Some authors define the angle as the deviation from the direction of the curve at some fixed starting point.
The pedal curve is the first in a series of curves C 1, C 2, C 3, etc., where C 1 is the pedal of C, C 2 is the pedal of C 1, and so on. In this scheme, C 1 is known as the first positive pedal of C, C 2 is the second positive pedal of C, and so on. Going the other direction, C is the first negative pedal of C 1, the second negative pedal of C ...
The point O is called the pedal point and the values r and p are sometimes called the pedal coordinates of a point relative to the curve and the pedal point. It is also useful to measure the distance of O to the normal p c (the contrapedal coordinate ) even though it is not an independent quantity and it relates to ( r , p ) as p c := r 2 − p ...
The distances shown are the radius (OP), polar subtangent (OT), and polar subnormal (ON). The angle θ is the radial angle and the angle ψ of inclination of the tangent to the radius or the polar tangential angle. Let P = (r, θ) be a point on a given curve defined by polar coordinates and let O denote the origin.
The polar angle is denoted by [,]: it is the angle between the z-axis and the radial vector connecting the origin to the point in question. The azimuthal angle is denoted by φ ∈ [ 0 , 2 π ] {\displaystyle \varphi \in [0,2\pi ]} : it is the angle between the x -axis and the projection of the radial vector onto the xy -plane.
In algebraic geometry, the sinusoidal spirals are a family of curves defined by the equation in polar coordinates r n = a n cos ( n θ ) {\displaystyle r^{n}=a^{n}\cos(n\theta )\,} where a is a nonzero constant and n is a rational number other than 0.
The three surfaces intersect at the point P with those coordinates (shown as a black sphere); the Cartesian coordinates of P are roughly (1.0, −1.732, 1.0). Cylindrical coordinate surfaces. The three orthogonal components, ρ (green), φ (red), and z (blue), each increasing at a constant rate. The point is at the intersection between the ...
The fish curve with scale parameter a = 1. A fish curve is an ellipse negative pedal curve that is shaped like a fish. In a fish curve, the pedal point is at the focus for the special case of the squared eccentricity =. [1] The parametric equations for a fish curve correspond to those of the associated ellipse.