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Lightning strikes the earth 100 times per second. [1]A global atmospheric electrical circuit is the continuous movement of atmospheric charge carriers, such as ions, between an upper conductive layer (often an ionosphere) and surface.
Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere. The ionosphere (/ aɪ ˈ ɒ n ə ˌ s f ɪər /) [1] [2] is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, [3] a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar ...
The Principal Investigator for the mission is James Burch of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas. [1] The concept was not selected for development at that time. The mission proposed to investigate how magnetospheric electromagnetic energy flows downward to power aurorae , and study how ion outflows are initiated and modify ...
But the need for air conditioning in the summer takes the cake. The Dallas-Fort Worth area will experience its hottest days of the year this week — and, most likely, for the remainder of July.
In the height region between about 85 and 200 km altitude on Earth, the ionospheric plasma is electrically conducting. Atmospheric tidal winds due to differential solar heating or due to gravitational lunar forcing move the ionospheric plasma against the geomagnetic field lines thus generating electric fields and currents just like a dynamo coil moving against magnetic field lines.
Computer source code in ALGOL and Fortran followed. In 1986, the code became available on floppy disk, and later on the Web. [3] It is improved yearly according to the results obtained at the meetings of the task group, which often occur at COSPAR meetings. Since 1999, IRI has been the "International Standard" for the terrestrial ionosphere.
The Northern Plains' climate is semi-arid and is prone to drought, annually receiving between 16 and 32 inches (410 and 810 mm) of precipitation, and average annual snowfall ranging between 15 and 30 inches (380 and 760 mm), with the greatest snowfall amounts occurring in the Texas panhandle and areas near the border with New Mexico.
The State of Texas concluded that, since 2000, the Manchester neighborhood in eastern Houston had the highest annual averages of 1,3-butadiene of any area in Texas. [53] Houston's air quality has often been compared to Los Angeles and Beijing. [49] Houston has introduced many programs since the 2000 federal order to reduce air pollution in the ...