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Other types of fractures generally require surgery. [2] [4] Patella fractures make up about 1% of all broken bones. [3] Males are affected more often than females. [3] Those of middle age are most often affected. [3] Outcomes with treatment are generally good. [2]
Surgery after a first dislocation is generally of unclear benefit. [6] [4] Surgery may be indicated in those cases where a fracture occurs within the joint or where the patella has repeatedly dislocated. [3] [4] [5] Patellar dislocations occur in about 6 per 100,000 people per year. [4] They make up about 2% of knee injuries. [1]
The patella rests in the trochlear, which is found in the distal part of the femur. The patella can dislocate from the groove because of trauma or an unnatural twisting of the knee. [5] When dislocated, the soft tissue layer that the patella rests in is damaged; the patella is forced out of its groove and back into place.
The procedure is less effective in treating older patients, overweight patients, or a cartilage lesion larger than 2.5 cm. [11] Further on, chances are high that after only 1 or 2 years of the surgery symptoms start to return as the fibrocartilage wears away, forcing the patient to reengage in articular cartilage repair.
The osteochondral fracture occurs on the weight-bearing portion of the lateral condyle. Typically, the condyle will fracture (and the patella may dislocate) as a result of severe impaction from activities such as downhill skiing and parachuting. [1] Open reduction and internal fixation surgery is typically used to repair an osteochondral fracture.
Previous repair procedures, however, always generated fibrocartilage or, at best, a combination of hyaline and fibrocartilage repair tissue. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) procedures are cell-based repairs that aim to achieve a repair consisting of healthy articular cartilage. [14]
External fixation is a surgical treatment wherein Kirschner pins and wires are inserted and affixed into bone and then exit the body to be attached to an external apparatus composed of rings and threaded rods — the Ilizarov apparatus, the Taylor Spatial Frame, and the Octopod External Fixator — which immobilises the damaged limb to facilitate healing. [1]
Bone healing, or fracture healing, is a proliferative physiological process in which the body facilitates the repair of a bone fracture. Generally, bone fracture treatment consists of a doctor reducing (pushing) displaced bones back into place via relocation with or without anaesthetic, stabilizing their position to aid union, and then waiting ...