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ISO 18265: "Metallic materials — Conversion of hardness values" (2013) ASTM E140-12B(2019)e1: "Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Scleroscope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness" (2019)
The Bulgars, at least the Danubian Bulgars, had a well-developed clan and military administrative system of "inner" and "outer" tribes, [112] governed by the ruling clan. [113] They had many titles, and according to Steven Runciman the distinction between titles which represented offices and mere ornamental dignities was somewhat vague. [ 114 ]
The superficial Rockwell scales use lower loads and shallower impressions on brittle and very thin materials. The 45N scale employs a 45-kgf load on a diamond cone-shaped Brale indenter, and can be used on dense ceramics. The 15T scale employs a 15-kgf load on a 1 ⁄ 16-inch-diameter (1.588 mm) hardened steel ball, and can be used on sheet metal.
If HV is first expressed in N/mm 2 (MPa), or otherwise by converting from kgf/mm 2, then the tensile strength (in MPa) of the material can be approximated as σ u ≈ HV/ c, where c is a constant determined by yield strength, Poisson's ratio, work-hardening exponent and geometrical factors – usually ranging between 2 and 4. [9]
Alcek or Alzeco was allegedly a son of Kubrat and led the Bulgars to Ravenna that later settled in the villages of Gallo Matese, Sepino, Boiano and Isernia in the Matese mountains of southern Italy. 3 shows the Bulgars of Alzeco moving along Italy. 4 shows the earlier Pannonian Bulgars of Alciocus.
The early Bulgars were a warlike people and war was part of their everyday life, with every adult Bulgar obliged to fight. The early Bulgars were exclusively horsemen: in their culture, the horse was considered a sacred animal and received special care. The supreme commander was the khan, who mustered the army with the help of the aristocracy.
Magnitude Value Item 1 N 1.4 N The weight of a smartphone [13] [14]: 2.5 N Typical thrust of a Dual-Stage 4-Grid ion thruster.: 9.8 N One kilogram-force, nominal weight of a 1 kg (2.2 lb) object at sea level on Earth [15]