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Flanders has a Dutch-language tradition, while Wallonia has a French-language tradition. The Brussels-Capital Region is a mix of both Dutch- and French-language influences, with a large influx of foreign names. These different linguistic backgrounds are reflected in differing frequencies of surnames, as shown in the table below.
In India, surnames are placed as last names or before first names, which often denote: village of origin, caste, clan, office of authority their ancestors held, or trades of their ancestors. The use of surnames is a relatively new convention, introduced during British colonisation.
Several surnames have multiple spellings; this is sometimes due to unrelated families bearing the same surname. A single surname in either language may have multiple translations in the other. In some English translations of the names, the M(a)c- prefix may be omitted in the English, e.g. Bain vs MacBain, Cowan vs MacCowan, Ritchie vs MacRitchie.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, -off was a common transliteration of -ov for Russian family names in foreign languages such as French and German (like for the Smirnoff and the Davidoff brands). Surnames of Ukrainian and Belarusian origin use the suffixes -ко (-ko), -ук (-uk), and -ич (-ych).
For ease of use, the [i] in front of the last name, and the ending _ve, were dropped. If the last name ends in [a], then removing the [j] would give the name of the patriarch or the place, as in, Grudaj - j = Gruda (place in MM). Otherwise, removing the whole ending [aj] yields the name of founder or place of origin, as in Lekaj - aj = Lek(ë).
It includes the total number of people with each surname as well as the rate per 100,000 people. Figures for the 2000 Census are also included for comparison. [10] In 2010, there were 51,089,493 people with last names in the top 100, representing 16.5% of the total (308,745,538).
If the male surname is a masculine adjective (ending in -ý), the female surname is simply the feminine equivalent. Thus, a girl whose father's surname is Novotný would have the surname Novotná. If the male surname is a noun, the female surname takes the suffix-ová, making it a feminine adjective: Novák becomes Nováková
If the husband's last name ends in the vowel-a the suffix used is -ina: (Zaręba – Zarębina, Kulesza – Kuleszyna). However, women often use such surnames unchanged (Bożena Ladra, Magdalena Krupa). A girl's surname is here formed from the father's surname with the suffix -anka or -ianka: (Zaręba – Zarębianka, Kulesza – Kuleszanka).
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