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Ireland as a result experienced sharp emigration of around 50,000 per year during the decade and the population of the state fell to an all-time low of 2.81 million. [52] The policies of protectionism and low public spending which had predominated since the 1930s were widely viewed to be failing.
Thirty Years' War: The Peace of Westphalia was concluded, ending the war and granting Switzerland and the Netherlands independence from the Holy Roman Empire. 1683: 11 September: Battle of Vienna: The combined forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire and their allies broke an Ottoman siege of Vienna. 1686
The old Holy Roman Empire was little more than a farce; Napoleon simply abolished it in 1806 while forming new countries under his control. In Germany Napoleon set up the "Confederation of the Rhine", comprising most of the German states except Prussia and Austria. [250]
Germany Poland: Independence restored after German occupation. Initial establishment c. 960. October 22, 1944 Germany Albania: Independence restored after German occupation. Initial independence in 1912. April 27, 1945 Germany Austria: Independence restored after German occupation. Initial establishment in 970 within the Holy Roman Empire.
The period 1916–1921 was marked by political violence and upheaval, ending in the partition of Ireland in 1920 and independence for 26 of its 32 counties. A failed militant attempt was made to gain separate independence for Ireland with the 1916 Easter Rising, an insurrection in Dublin. Though support for the insurgents was small, the ...
A war of independence in the early 20th century was followed by the partition of the island, leading to the creation of the Irish Free State, which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades until it declared a republic in 1948 (Republic of Ireland Act, 1948) and Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom.
Troops are deployed on the streets of Northern Ireland, marking the start of the Troubles. 1972: March: The Parliament of Northern Ireland is prorogued (and abolished later the following year). 1973: 1 January: Ireland joins the European Community along with the United Kingdom and Denmark. 1973: June: The Northern Ireland Assembly is elected ...
The Thirty Years' War was fought between 1618 and 1648, across Germany and neighbouring areas, and involved most of the major European powers except England and Russia, [70] involving Catholics versus Protestants for the most part. The major impact of the war was the devastation of entire regions scavenged bare by the foraging armies.