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Biological value (BV) is a measure of the proportion of absorbed protein from a food which becomes incorporated into the proteins of the organism's body. It captures how readily the digested protein can be used in protein synthesis in the cells of the organism.
At around the same time the FCR based on weight gain for broilers in Brazil was 1.8. [25] The global average in 2013 is around 2.0 for weight gain (live weight) and 2.8 for slaughtered meat (carcass weight). [26] For hens used in egg production in the US, as of 2011 the FCR was about 2, with each hen laying about 330 eggs per year. [25]
Innovative emergency fodder production concepts have been reported, such as bush-based animal fodder production in Namibia. During extended dry spells, farmers have turned to use woody biomass fiber from encroacher bush as a primary source of cattle feed, adding locally available supplements for nutrients as well as to improve palatability.
Another meta-analysis reported a small decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure with diets higher in protein, with no differences between animal and plant protein. [ 53 ] High protein diets have been shown to lead to an additional 1.21 kg of weight loss over a period of 3 months versus a baseline protein diet in a meta-analysis. [ 54 ]
[6] [7] According to FAO, ruminants require an average of 2.8 kg of grains to produce 1 kg of meat while monogastrics require 3.2. [6] [7] These figures vary between 0.1 for extensive ruminant systems to 9.4 in beef feedlots, and from 0.1 in backyard chicken production to 4 in industrial pig production.
The broiler industry is the process by which broiler chickens are reared and prepared for meat consumption. Worldwide, in 2005 production was 71,851,000 tonnes. From 1985 to 2005, the broiler industry grew by 158%. [1] A key measure of performance is the feed conversion ratio (FCR), the ability to convert feed into edible product.
Meat production and trade substantially increase risks for infectious diseases , including of pandemics, whether though contact with wild and farmed animals, or via husbandry's environmental impact. [97] [98] For example, avian influenza from poultry meat production is a threat to human health. [99]
The primary difference between ruminants and nonruminants is that ruminants' stomachs have four compartments: rumen—primary site of microbial fermentation; reticulum; omasum—receives chewed cud, and absorbs volatile fatty acids; abomasum—true stomach; The first two chambers are the rumen and the reticulum.