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The just price is found not by counting the cost but by the common estimation. However, as this quote might suggest, the just price isn't always the market price. the members of the School of Salamanca thought that authories were sometimes required to intervene and to control prices, [4] especially in monopoly cases [6] or for staples. [7]
In economics, elasticity measures the responsiveness of one economic variable to a change in another. [1] For example, if the price elasticity of the demand of a good is −2, then a 10% increase in price will cause the quantity demanded to fall by 20%.
Ramsey defines a proposition as "ethically neutral" when two possible outcomes have an equal value. In other words, if the probability can be defined as a preference, each proposition should have 1 / 2 to be indifferent between both options. [5] Ramsey shows that = (()) (() ()) [6]
When the price elasticity of demand is unit (or unitary) elastic (E d = −1), the percentage change in quantity demanded is equal to that in price, so a change in price will not affect total revenue. When the price elasticity of demand is relatively elastic (−∞ < E d < −1), the percentage change in quantity demanded is greater than that ...
The equation demonstrates that the change in the demand for a good caused by a price change is the result of two effects: a substitution effect: when the price of a good change, as it becomes relatively cheaper, consumer consumption could hypothetically remain unchanged. If so, income would be freed up, and money could be spent on one or more ...
An easier way to solve this problem in a two-output context is the Ramsey condition. According to Ramsey, in order to minimize deadweight losses, one must increase prices to rigid and elastic demands/supplies in the same proportion, in relation to the prices that would be charged at the first-best solution (price equal to marginal cost).
There are different ways of measuring nominal rigidity in an economy. There will be many firms (or price-setters), some tend to change price frequently, others less so. Even a firm which changes its "normal" price infrequently might make a special offer or sale for a short period before returning to its normal price.
Under the standard assumption of neoclassical economics that goods and services are continuously divisible, the marginal rates of substitution will be the same regardless of the direction of exchange, and will correspond to the slope of an indifference curve (more precisely, to the slope multiplied by −1) passing through the consumption bundle in question, at that point: mathematically, it ...