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Paul M. Cobb (born 1967) is an American historian of the medieval Islamic world.He is currently a Professor of Islamic History at the University of Pennsylvania.His areas of interest include Islamic relations with the West, historiography, and the history of travel and exploration.
The history of Pennsylvania stems back thousands of years when the first indigenous peoples occupied the area of what is now Pennsylvania. In 1681, Pennsylvania became an English colony when William Penn received a royal deed from King Charles II of England .
Pennsylvania (/ ˌ p ɛ n s ɪ l ˈ v eɪ n i ə / ⓘ PEN-sil-VAY-nee-ə, lit. ' Penn's forest country '), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania [b] (Pennsylvania Dutch: Pennsilfaani), [7] is a U.S. state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States.
[173] [174] Furthermore, Wahhabism has been accused of causing disunity in the Muslim community (Ummah) and criticized for its followers' destruction of many Islamic, cultural, and historical sites associated with the early history of Islam and the first generation of Muslims (Muhammad's family and his companions) in Saudi Arabia. [175] [176 ...
In later times, the deeds of endowment were issued in elaborate Islamic calligraphy, as is the case for Ottoman endowment books (vakıf-name). [10] The donor could also specify the subjects to be taught, the qualification of the teachers, or which madhhab the teaching should follow. [9]
The Quran is the holy book of Islam revealed to prophet Muhammad. Islam is based on the teachings of the Quran. Although it considers Muhammad to be the Seal of the prophets, Islam teaches that every prophet preached Islam, as the word Islam literally means submission, the main concept
The Umayyads actively discouraged conversion in order to continue the collection of the jizya, or the tax on non-Muslims. Islam nearly doubled within its territory from 8% of residents in 750 to 15% by the end of Al-Mansur's reign. Al-Mahdi, whose name means "Rightly-guided" or "Redeemer", was proclaimed caliph when his father was on his ...
The name "Gibraltar" is the Spanish derivation of the Arabic name Jabal Tāriq (جبل طارق) (meaning "mountain of Tariq"), named after him. There are accounts of the trade connections between the Muslims and the Rus , apparently Vikings who made their way towards the Black Sea through Central Russia .