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Amethyst is a purple variety of quartz (SiO. 2) and owes its violet color to irradiation, impurities of iron (Fe3+. ) and in some cases other transition metals, and the presence of other trace elements, which result in complex crystal lattice substitutions. [2][3][4] The irradiation causes the iron Fe3+.
Topaz is a silicate mineral made of aluminum and fluorine with the chemical formula Al 2 Si O 4 (F, OH) 2.It is used as a gemstone in jewelry and other adornments. Common topaz in its natural state is colorless, though trace element impurities can make it pale blue or golden brown to yellow-orange. [7]
Charoite (/ tʃæroʊ.aɪt / CHAR-ow-ait) is a rare silicate mineral with the chemical composition K (Ca,Na)2Si4O10(OH,F)•H2O, first described in 1978. It is named after the Chara River, despite its being 70 kilometres (43 mi) away from the discovery place. [ 6 ][ 3 ] When it was discovered, it was thought to be a fake, dyed purple to give it ...
Fire agate, a variety of chalcedony, is a semi-precious natural gemstone discovered so far only in certain areas of central and northern Mexico and the southwestern United States (New Mexico, Arizona and California). [1] Approximately 24-36 million years ago these areas were subjected to massive volcanic activity during the Tertiary Period.
The name moonstone derives from the stone's characteristic visual effect, called adularescence (or schiller), which produces a milky, bluish interior light. This effect is caused by light diffraction through alternating layers of orthoclase and albite within the stone. The diffracted light varies from white to blue, depending on the thinness of ...
The OED defines pyrope (from Greek Πυρωπός, lit. "fire-eyed")" as: "In early use applied vaguely to a red or fiery gem, as ruby or carbuncle; (mineralogy) the Bohemian garnet or fire-garnet"; and carbuncle or carbuncle-stone (from Latin "carbunculus", "small glowing ember") as: "A name variously applied to precious stones of a red or ...
The name pyrite is derived from the Greek πυρίτης λίθος (pyritēs lithos), 'stone or mineral which strikes fire', [10] in turn from πῦρ (pŷr), 'fire'. [11] In ancient Roman times, this name was applied to several types of stone that would create sparks when struck against steel ; Pliny the Elder described one of them as being ...
Sapphire is one of the two gem-varieties of corundum, the other being ruby (defined as corundum in a shade of red). Although blue is the best-known sapphire color, it occurs in other colors, including gray and black, and also can be colorless. A pinkish orange variety of sapphire is called padparadscha.
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