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Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a medical condition involving the death of tubular epithelial cells that form the renal tubules of the kidneys. Because necrosis is often not present, the term acute tubular injury ( ATI ) is preferred by pathologists over the older name acute tubular necrosis (ATN). [ 1 ]
Intrinsic renal causes of AKI include glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, acute tubular necrosis, certain antibiotics, and chemotherapeutic agents. [5] Postrenal causes of AKI include kidney stones, bladder cancer, neurogenic bladder, enlargement of the prostate, narrowing of the urethra, and certain medications like anticholinergics. [5]
Renal cortical necrosis (RCN) is a rare cause of acute kidney failure. The condition is "usually caused by significantly diminished arterial perfusion of the kidneys due to spasms of the feeding arteries, microvascular injury, or disseminated intravascular coagulation " and is the pathological progression of acute tubular necrosis . [ 1 ]
Kidney ischemia [1] is a disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. [2] Blood vessels shrink and undergo apoptosis which results in poor blood flow in the kidneys. More complications happen when failure of the kidney functions result in toxicity in various parts of the body which may cause septic shock, hypovolemia, and a need for surgery. [3]
Acute tubular necrosis due to ischemia is often preceded by prerenal acute kidney injury, since prerenal AKI results in less blood sent to the kidneys. All that secretion and reabsorption in the tubules takes a lot of energy, and so these cells are particularly sensitive to a loss of blood supply, especially the cells in the proximal tubule and ...
Chrysiasis can ultimately lead to acute kidney injury (such as tubular necrosis, nephrosis, glomerulitis), [8] severe heart conditions, and hematologic complications (leukopenia, anemia). [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] While some effects can be healed with moderate success, the skin discoloration is considered permanent.
Under ideal situations myoglobin will be filtered and excreted with the urine, but if too much myoglobin is released into the circulation or in case of kidney problems, it can occlude the kidneys' filtration system leading to acute tubular necrosis and acute kidney injury. Other causes of myoglobinuria include: McArdle's disease
Contrast agents cause damage to renal tubular cells in other ways specific to the type of contrast agent, leading to apoptosis and necrosis of the tubular cells. [19] The damaged renal tubular cells detach from the basement membrane and accumulate in the tubules which causes an increase in tubular pressure, reduced glomerular filtration rate ...