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The beginning of a proof usually follows immediately thereafter, and is indicated by the word "proof" in boldface or italics. On the other hand, several symbolic conventions exist to indicate the end of a proof. While some authors still use the classical abbreviation, Q.E.D., it is relatively uncommon in modern mathematical texts.
In mathematics, the tombstone, halmos, end-of-proof, or Q.E.D. symbol "∎" (or " ") is a symbol used to denote the end of a proof, in place of the traditional abbreviation "Q.E.D." for the Latin phrase "quod erat demonstrandum". It is inspired by the typographic practice of end marks, an element that marks the end of an article. [1] [2]
Sometimes, the abbreviation "Q.E.D." is written to indicate the end of a proof. This abbreviation stands for "quod erat demonstrandum" , which is Latin for "that which was to be demonstrated" . A more common alternative is to use a square or a rectangle, such as or ∎, known as a " tombstone " or "halmos" after its eponym Paul Halmos .
Used for marking the end of a proof and separating it from the current text. The initialism Q.E.D. or QED (Latin: quod erat demonstrandum, "as was to be shown") is often used for the same purpose, either in its upper-case form or in lower case. ☡
pf – proof. PGL – projective general linear group. Pin – pin group. pmf – probability mass function. Pn – previous number. Pr – probability of an event. (See Probability theory. Also written as P or.) probit – probit function. PRNG – pseudorandom number generator. PSL – projective special linear group.
Cited in many texts at the end of a mathematical proof. Example: "At the end of the long proof, the professor exclaimed ' QED! '" q.v. qq.v. quod vide quae vide "which see" Imperative, [1] used after a term or phrase that should be looked up elsewhere in the current document or book. For more than one term or phrase, the plural qq.v. is used ...
BSI proof-correction marks (conforming to BS 5261C:2005) as prepared by the Chartered Institute of Editing and Proofreading; The style guide for publications of the European Union is presented in 24 European languages and includes a section on proofreading. Each edition has a sheet of proofreader's marks that appears to be the same apart from ...
In logical argument and mathematical proof, the therefore sign, ∴, is generally used before a logical consequence, such as the conclusion of a syllogism. The symbol consists of three dots placed in an upright triangle and is read therefore. While it is not generally used in formal writing, it is used in mathematics and shorthand.