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[8] [9] It was developed as a recombinant protein (rhIL-11) as the drug substance oprelvekin. The human IL-11 gene, consisting of 5 exons and 4 introns, is located on chromosome 19, [6] and encodes a 23 kDa protein. IL-11 is a member of the IL-6-type cytokine family, distinguished based on their use of the common co-receptor gp130.
Oprelvekin is recombinant interleukin eleven (IL-11), [1] a thrombopoietic growth factor that directly stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells and megakaryocyte progenitor cells and induces megakaryocyte maturation resulting in increased platelet production.
The cause of adult-onset Still's disease is unknown and it is not heritable, but it presumably involves interleukin-1 (IL-1), since medications that block the action of IL-1β are effective treatments. Interleukin-18 is expressed at high levels. [2] [10] [11]
The severity of GvHD is highly variable and is influenced by the amount of native cells present in the environment along with other regulatory T cells, T H 1, T H 2, or T H 17 phenotypes. [10] Both CD4 + and CD8 IL-17 producing T cells have been shown to cause aTH1, causing tissue inflammation and resulting in severe GVHD. [11]
Interleukin 1 likely is the marker for fatigue, but increased IL-1RA is observed in the CSF and is associated with increased fatigue through cytokine-induced sickness behavior. [38] However, Sjögren's syndrome is characterized by decreased levels of IL-1ra in saliva, which could be responsible for mouth inflammation and dryness. [ 39 ]
Specifically, Interleukin 2 and Interleukin 7 are responsible for T-cell proliferation and survival. [12] Likewise, the action of Interleukin 4 and Interleukin 15 will lead to proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into antibody secreting plasma cells. [12] Lastly, Interleukin 15 helps generate developed and matured natural killer cells. [5]
Dupilumab, sold under the brand name Dupixent, is a monoclonal antibody blocking interleukin 4 and interleukin 13, used for allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis (eczema), asthma and nasal polyps which result in chronic sinusitis. [6] [7] [8] [4] It is also used for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis, [9] prurigo nodularis [10] and ...
IL-1RA was initially called the IL-1 inhibitor and was discovered separately in 1984 by two independent laboratories. [7] IL-1RA is an agent that binds non-productively to the cell surface interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R), the same receptor that binds interleukin 1 family (IL-1), preventing IL-1's from sending a signal to that cell.