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Hegel's friend Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer (1766–1848) financially supported Hegel and used his political influence to help him obtain multiple positions. In Bamberg, as editor of the Bamberger Zeitung , which was a pro-French newspaper, Hegel extolled the virtues of Napoleon and often editorialized the Prussian accounts of the war. [37]
Because of the nature of the text (collections of edited lecture notes), critical editions were slow in forthcoming. The standard German edition for many years was the manuscript of Hegel's son Karl Hegel, published in 1840. The German edition produced by Eva Moldenhauer and Karl Michel (1986) [13] essentially follows Karl Hegel's edition. The ...
[15] [20] Cholera reached the Pacific coast of North America by 1834, reaching into the center of the country by steamboat and other river traffic. [21] The third cholera pandemic began in 1846 and lasted until 1860. It hit Russia hardest, with over one million deaths. In 1846, cholera struck Mecca, killing over 15,000. [22]
As of August 23, there were 1,770 cases of cholera reported with 68 deaths. [120] Between October 2021 and 30 January 2023, there were 15,220 reported cases of cholera in Cameroon, with 306 deaths. [121] Between January 2022 and 5 February 2022, there were 24,263 cases and 612 cholera deaths reported in Nigeria. [121]
The third cholera pandemic (1846–1860) was the third major outbreak of cholera originating in India in the 19th century that reached far beyond its borders, which researchers at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) believe may have started as early as 1837 and lasted until 1863. [1]
The disease continued westward in 1892, across the Punjab (with 75,000 cholera deaths), and raged on through Afghanistan and claimed 60,000 lives in Persia, [17] [18] and then reached Imperial Russia which suffered a staggering morbidity rate, exacerbated by the Russian famine of 1891–1892. [19]
The first cholera vaccines were developed in the late 19th century. There were several pioneers in the development of the vaccine: The first known attempt at a cholera vaccine was made by Louis Pasteur and it was aimed at preventing cholera in chickens. [29] This was the first widely used vaccine that was made in a laboratory. [16]
The history of virology – the scientific study of viruses and the infections they cause – began in the closing years of the 19th century. Although Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur developed the first vaccines to protect against viral infections, they did not know that viruses existed. The first evidence of the existence of viruses came from ...